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Functional Genomic Insights into Acute Lung Injury

Role of Ventilators and Mechanical Stress

Center for Translational Respiratory Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

Correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed to Joe G. N. Garcia, M.D., Lowell T. Coggeshall Professor of Medicine, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, W604 Chicago, IL 60637. E-mail: jgarcia{at}medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu

ABSTRACT

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a complex and devastating illness, often occurring in the setting of sepsis and trauma. Despite recent advances in the understanding and treatment of ALI, pathogenic mechanisms and genetic modifiers in ALI remain incompletely understood. Furthermore, there has been increasing interest in the identification of genetic variations that contribute to ALI susceptibility and severity in order to gain unique insights into ALI pathogenesis and to design novel treatment strategies. However, the sporadic nature of ALI and the lack of family-based cohort studies preclude conventional genomic approaches such as linkage mapping (or "positional cloning"). We have used a "candidate gene approach" with extensive gene expression profiling studies in animal (rat, murine, canine) and human models of ALI to identify potential ALI candidate genes associated with sepsis and ventilator-associated lung injury. These studies, when combined with innovative in silico bioinformatics approaches, revealed both novel (pre–B-cell colony enhancing factor, myosin light chain kinase) and previously identified (interleukin 6, macrophage migration inhibitory factor) gene candidates. Subsequent single nucleotide polymorphism discovery and genotyping studies revealed polymorphisms that demonstrate an influence on ALI susceptibility in patients. These studies indicate that the candidate gene approach is a robust strategy to provide novel insights into the genetic basis of ALI, and the identification of potentially novel therapeutic targets.

Key Words: single nucleotide polymorphism • interleukin 6 • pre–B-cell colony enhancing factor

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