|
 |
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
© 2005 The American Thoracic Society
Systemic Effects of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Servei de Pneumología, Hospital Universitario Son Dureta, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
Correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed to Alvar Agustí, M.D., Servei Pneumología, Hospital Universitario Son Dureta, Andrea Doria 55, 07014 Palma Mallorca, Spain. E-mail: aagusti{at}hsd.es
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects various structural and functional domains in the lungs. It also has significant extrapulmonary effects, the so-called systemic effects of COPD. Weight loss, nutritional abnormalities, and skeletal muscle dysfunction are well-recognized systemic effects of COPD. Other less well-known but potentially important systemic effects include an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and several neurologic and skeletal defects. The mechanisms underlying these systemic effects are unclear, but they are probably interrelated and multifactorial, including inactivity, systemic inflammation, tissue hypoxia and oxidative stress among others. These systemic effects add to the respiratory morbidity produced by the underlying pulmonary disease and should be considered in the clinical assessment as well as the treatment of affected patients.
Key Words: extrapulmonary effects • multicomponent disease • oxidative stress • tissue hypoxia
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  K. F. Chung and I. M. Adcock Multifaceted mechanisms in COPD: inflammation, immunity, and tissue repair and destruction Eur. Respir. J., June 1, 2008; 31(6): 1334 - 1356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. P. de Torres, V. Pinto-Plata, C. Casanova, H. Mullerova, E. Cordoba-Lanus, M. Muros de Fuentes, A. Aguirre-Jaime, and B. R. Celli C-Reactive Protein Levels and Survival in Patients With Moderate to Very Severe COPD Chest, June 1, 2008; 133(6): 1336 - 1343. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Watz, B. Waschki, C. Boehme, M. Claussen, T. Meyer, and H. Magnussen Extrapulmonary Effects of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease on Physical Activity: A Cross-sectional Study Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., April 1, 2008; 177(7): 743 - 751. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N L Mills, J J Miller, A Anand, S D Robinson, G A Frazer, D Anderson, L Breen, I B Wilkinson, C M McEniery, K Donaldson, et al. Increased arterial stiffness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a mechanism for increased cardiovascular risk Thorax, April 1, 2008; 63(4): 306 - 311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. H. Remels, H. R. Gosker, P. Schrauwen, R. C. Langen, and A. M. Schols Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: a therapeutic target in COPD? Eur. Respir. J., March 1, 2008; 31(3): 502 - 508. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Cazzola, W. MacNee, F. J. Martinez, K. F. Rabe, L. G. Franciosi, P. J. Barnes, V. Brusasco, P. S. Burge, P. M. A. Calverley, B. R. Celli, et al. Outcomes for COPD pharmacological trials: from lung function to biomarkers Eur. Respir. J., February 1, 2008; 31(2): 416 - 469. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M. Fabbri, F. Luppi, B. Beghe, and K. F. Rabe Complex chronic comorbidities of COPD Eur. Respir. J., January 1, 2008; 31(1): 204 - 212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Ambrosino and R. Goldstein Series on comprehensive management of end-stage COPD Eur. Respir. J., November 1, 2007; 30(5): 828 - 830. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Vogiatzis, G. Stratakos, D. C M Simoes, G. Terzis, O. Georgiadou, C. Roussos, and S. Zakynthinos Effects of rehabilitative exercise on peripheral muscle TNF{alpha}, IL-6, IGF-I and MyoD expression in patients with COPD Thorax, November 1, 2007; 62(11): 950 - 956. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Agusti Systemic Effects of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: What We Know and What We Don't Know (but Should) Proceedings of the ATS, October 1, 2007; 4(7): 522 - 525. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. F. Rabe, S. Hurd, A. Anzueto, P. J. Barnes, S. A. Buist, P. Calverley, Y. Fukuchi, C. Jenkins, R. Rodriguez-Roisin, C. van Weel, et al. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: GOLD Executive Summary Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., September 15, 2007; 176(6): 532 - 555. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Taraseviciene-Stewart, I. S. Douglas, P. S. Nana-Sinkam, J. D. Lee, R. M. Tuder, M. R. Nicolls, and N. F. Voelkel Is Alveolar Destruction and Emphysema in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease an Immune Disease? Proceedings of the ATS, November 1, 2006; 3(8): 687 - 690. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-C. L. Machado, J. A. Krishnan, S. A. Buist, A. L. Bilderback, G. P. Fazolo, M. G. Santarosa, F. Queiroga Jr., and W. M. Vollmer Sex Differences in Survival of Oxygen-dependent Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., September 1, 2006; 174(5): 524 - 529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. D Sin and S. P. Man Commentary: Fuelling the fire--systemic inflammation and development of lung disease in the general community Int. J. Epidemiol., August 1, 2006; 35(4): 1008 - 1010. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M. Fabbri, F. Luppi, B. Beghe, and K. F. Rabe Update in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2005. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., May 15, 2006; 173(10): 1056 - 1065. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Poulain, M. Doucet, G. C. Major, V. Drapeau, F. Series, L.-P. Boulet, A. Tremblay, and F. Maltais The effect of obesity on chronic respiratory diseases: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Can. Med. Assoc. J., April 25, 2006; 174(9): 1293 - 1299. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |